{
  "id": "ZSC-LIB-0015",
  "title": "釉下青花与釉上彩：五彩蝴蝶纹瓶的彩层关系",
  "topic": "陶瓷与彩绘",
  "kind": "工艺基础与馆藏实例",
  "group": "knowledge",
  "summary": "釉下青花和釉上彩可以出现在同一件瓷器上。故宫清康熙五彩蝴蝶纹瓶同时采用两种位置的彩饰，其中还包含釉上蓝彩。认识这件器物，需要把彩的颜色、彩层位置和绘画作用分别看清。",
  "aliases": [
    "五彩蝴蝶纹瓶",
    "故00148319",
    "釉下青花",
    "釉上彩",
    "青花加彩",
    "康熙五彩",
    "釉上蓝彩"
  ],
  "properties": [
    {
      "name": "实例名称",
      "value": "五彩蝴蝶纹瓶",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "馆藏机构与编号",
      "value": "故宫博物院；故00148319",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "馆方年代",
      "value": "清康熙",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "尺寸",
      "value": "高44厘米；口径12厘米；足径13厘米",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "青花的位置",
      "value": "纹饰绘于瓷胎，透明釉覆盖其上，属于釉下彩",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-02"
    },
    {
      "name": "本件釉上彩",
      "value": "馆方列有红、黄、蓝、褐、黑、紫、绿等彩",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "本件局部金彩",
      "value": "部分蝶翅的红色斑纹上另加金彩",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "name": "青花加彩的分工",
      "value": "青花表现局部纹饰，不以其勾勒物象轮廓线",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-03"
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "title": "“釉下”和“釉上”说的是彩的位置",
      "paragraphs": [
        "青花的纹饰先画在瓷胎上，再覆盖透明釉，因此从器表向内理解，依次是透明釉、青花纹饰和胎体。釉上彩位于已经烧成的釉面上。两种装饰可以相互配合：青花承担部分画面，其余彩绘安排在釉面。这个层次关系帮助解释工艺名称，不能把图解看作这件文物实际测得的截面。",
        "蓝色也不能直接等同于青花。此瓶的馆方描述同时提到青花和釉上蓝彩，说明同一种颜色印象可以对应不同彩层。仅凭网页照片的色相，无法把每一处蓝色都准确归到釉上或釉下。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "把层次对应到一件具体馆藏",
      "paragraphs": [
        "五彩蝴蝶纹瓶的馆藏号是故00148319，馆方定为清康熙。其肩部以下画有彩蝶，穿插蜻蜓；底部外侧可见青花双圈，圈中绘灵芝。部分蝶翅使用青花加彩，另一些绿色蝶翅上带黑色鱼子纹，部分红色斑纹上又施金彩。不同部位共同组成画面，不能把其中一只蝴蝶的用彩推给整件瓶上的所有纹饰。",
        "在故宫的术语说明中，青花加彩用青花完成局部纹饰，并不让青花承担物象轮廓的勾画。因此，“同器有青花和彩绘”只说明两类装饰共存，进一步判断绘画方法，还要看青花具体承担了什么作用。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "看工艺名称时保留哪些区别",
      "paragraphs": [
        "“五彩”表达多彩，并非固定五种颜色；馆方释义还区分釉上五彩和青花五彩。读到五彩器名时，不应立即认定所有彩都在釉上，也不应认定每件必有青花。本条用具体馆藏解释彩层关系，另一个同名或近似造型的器物仍需自己的证据。所附图只画相对位置，不表示实物厚度、彩料成分或烧成参数。"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "facts": [
    {
      "text": "故宫五彩蝴蝶纹瓶文物号为故00148319，年代著录为清康熙，尺寸为高44厘米、口径12厘米、足径13厘米。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "text": "本件肩部以下绘彩蝶、穿插蜻蜓，外底青花双圈中绘灵芝。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "text": "本件说明列出青花与釉上红、黄、蓝、褐、黑、紫、绿等彩结合，并记载局部蝶翅的青花加彩、黑色鱼子纹及金彩。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    },
    {
      "text": "故宫将青花解释为釉下彩：在瓷胎上绘纹，再施透明釉。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-02"
    },
    {
      "text": "故宫“青花加彩”词条说明青花表现局部纹饰，而不承担物象轮廓线的勾勒。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-03"
    },
    {
      "text": "故宫五彩释义将“五彩”解释为多彩，并区分釉上五彩与青花五彩。",
      "source": "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01"
    }
  ],
  "fields": [],
  "steps": [],
  "limit": "尺寸、年代与纹饰细节只对应故00148319；通用彩层示意不代替该文物的显微截面或检测。本文未检视实物，不凭颜色数量、器名或相似外观断代、鉴真或估值。",
  "sources": [
    "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-01",
    "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-02",
    "ref-zhenshoucang-20260928-v6-03"
  ],
  "status": "可公开知识资料",
  "authoring": "Codex资料整理与核对，未声称专业鉴定",
  "version": 1,
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "modified": "2026-09-28",
  "checked": "2026-09-28",
  "site": "zhenshoucang",
  "slug": "zsc-lib-0015",
  "url": "https://www.zhenshoucang.com/library/entries/zsc-lib-0015.html",
  "image": {
    "url": "https://www.zhenshoucang.com/library/assets/zsc-lib-0015.webp",
    "width": 1280,
    "height": 800,
    "alt": "彩层关系示意：釉上彩在釉面，青花纹饰在透明釉下、瓷胎上。非实物照片，厚度及色块位置仅为示意。",
    "caption": "本站原创彩层关系示意，非实物照片、非馆藏切片，不按比例。色块表示局部纹饰，不表示整面覆盖或所有色块上下重叠。",
    "rights": "本站原创知识图解，未复制机构图片",
    "sha256": "7a1a0f30908e065f3a508274bc05197b46003f21b63f5445b6397504a96ab5ab"
  },
  "related_entry_ids": [
    "ZSC-LIB-0001",
    "ZSC-LIB-0013"
  ],
  "related_articles": [
    {
      "title": "五彩瓷一定只有五种颜色吗？康熙蝴蝶纹瓶的青花加彩",
      "url": "https://www.zhenshoucang.com/ai-article-21659"
    },
    {
      "title": "斗彩怎样把青花和彩绘结合？乾隆鸳鸯卧莲碗实例",
      "url": "https://www.zhenshoucang.com/ai-article-21660"
    }
  ],
  "change_reason": "补充基础材料或工艺知识，关联既有具体案例与原始依据。",
  "source_records": [
    {
      "title": "五彩蝴蝶纹瓶",
      "publisher": "故宫博物院",
      "url": "https://www.dpm.org.cn/collection/ceramic/226709.html",
      "published": "原页未注明",
      "kind": "博物馆馆藏说明",
      "summary": "介绍故00148319的年代、尺寸、纹饰与彩饰，并附五彩等术语释义。",
      "locator": "名称与编号；正文首段、纹饰段和末段；五彩释义",
      "scope": "支持本件馆藏参数、局部装饰及馆方五彩分类；不支持其他器物年代、真伪或具体实验参数。",
      "id": "SRC-LIB-ZHENSHOUCANG-20260928-V6-01",
      "checked": "2026-09-28"
    },
    {
      "title": "青花",
      "publisher": "故宫博物院",
      "url": "https://www.dpm.org.cn/lemmas/239391.html",
      "published": "原页未注明",
      "kind": "博物馆术语说明",
      "summary": "说明青花属于釉下彩，以及纹饰、瓷胎和透明釉的相对关系。",
      "locator": "词条正文，释义首段",
      "scope": "用于通用工艺位置说明；不表明本站检查或测量了该馆藏彩层。",
      "id": "SRC-LIB-ZHENSHOUCANG-20260928-V6-02",
      "checked": "2026-09-28"
    },
    {
      "title": "青花加彩",
      "publisher": "故宫博物院",
      "url": "https://www.dpm.org.cn/lemmas/243128.html",
      "published": "原页未注明",
      "kind": "博物馆术语说明",
      "summary": "说明青花在这种装饰中承担局部纹饰，而不承担物象轮廓线的勾勒。",
      "locator": "词条正文前两句",
      "scope": "只援引绘画作用的定义，不据后面的朝代色泽描述为未知器物断代。",
      "id": "SRC-LIB-ZHENSHOUCANG-20260928-V6-03",
      "checked": "2026-09-28"
    }
  ],
  "publisher": "真收藏"
}